An Eye for an Eye Gazing and Courtship in Gaskell’s North and South - Literature Essay Samples

Although Margaret Hale and John Thornton do not fall in love ‘at first sight,’ sight, or gazing, plays an important role in the asymmetrical power relations implicit in the courtship of the protagonists in Elizabeth Gaskell’s North and South. Laura Mulvey’s 1975 essay, â€Å"Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema,† introduced the now-familiar concept of the gaze. Taking the work of Sigmund Freud and Jacques Lacan as the basis for her theory, Mulvey argues that â€Å"in a world ordered by sexual imbalance, pleasure in looking has been split between active/male and passive/female† (39). The voyeuristic gaze, traditionally wielded by a male, has the ability to reduce a woman – that is, fetishize or objectify her – in a way that renders her passive. Mulvey explicates Freud’s concept of scopophilia, or pleasure in looking, and asserts that in â€Å"their traditional exhibitionist role women are simultaneously looked at and displ ayed, with their appearance coded for strong visual and erotic impact† (40). While Mulvey’s theory is based in film studies, Nalini Paul suggests that â€Å"the phenomenon of gazing in literature strikes relevant parallels with gazing in film theory† (1). Thus, the application of this theory to North and South sheds light on the exchange of power within the courtship of Margaret and John. To be sure, while John finds erotic pleasure in seeing Margaret, his gaze upon her does not reduce her or render her passive; in fact, Margaret’s attractive physical appearance and ability to appropriate the gaze endows her with authority over John, and leads to a constant and reciprocal exchange of power that culminates in their marriage. The power dynamics of the relationship between Margaret and John are immediately established in their first meeting in Milton. Gaskell writes: â€Å"Mr. Thornton was a good deal more surprised and discomfited than [Margaret]† at meeting â€Å"a young lady of a different type to most of those he was in the habit of seeing† (58). His bewilderment is compounded when she returns his gaze with a â€Å"simple, straight, unabashed look† (58). Upon seeing Margaret, John realizes she is different from most of the women he has encountered before, and more specifically, those he commonly â€Å"sees† or looks upon. John’s expectations are further troubled when she blatantly stares back as him. Her stare is â€Å"simple,† supposedly because she does not realize the socially awkward or perhaps inappropriate nature of the look she returns. Of course, at this point in the narrative Margaret has had little social interaction with possible suitors (with the exception of Mr. Lennox, whom she never considers as such) and is unaware of the implications of her stare. The initial looks exchanged between the two characters are figured overtly in relation to authority and power. Gaskell notes: â €Å"Mr. Thornton was in habits of authority himself, but she seemed to assume some kind of rule over him at once† (58). Margaret is unpredictable for she returns John’s gaze, and in so doing figures herself as an equal – not inferior – individual. From the outset Margaret exerts personal sway over John, albeit unconsciously, through her gaze. Contrary to Mulvey’s expectations, Margaret is not rendered passive but rather wields power through her own gaze.In the same initial scene, John’s gaze upon Margaret becomes scopophilic; her continuing return of the gaze, however, further undercuts the power in the possessive sense typically associated with the voyeuristic male gaze. Gaskell writes of Margaret and John:She sat facing him and facing the light; her full beauty met his eye; her round flexible throat rising out of the full, yet lithe figure; her lips, moving so lightly as she spoke†¦her eyes, with their soft gloom, meeting his with q uiet maiden freedom. He almost said to himself he did not like her†¦to compensate for that mortified feeling, that while he looked upon her with an admiration he could not repress, she looked at him with proud indifference†¦ (59)Margaret’s physical description is decidedly erotic and highly sexualized. The narrative sketch focuses on her bare throat, her limber physique, and her lips. John looks curiously at Margaret’s body, which Mulvey emphasizes is a â€Å"function of sexual instinct† (39). This objectifying process, for John, is a positive one; his â€Å"admiration† of her suggests pleasure, approval or agreeable surprise in beholding her attractive appearance. The pleasing feeling of looking upon Margaret is disturbed, however, by the gaze she once again returns. Her eyes have â€Å"maiden freedom†; she is naà ¯ve and fails to recognize the sexually charged nature of their glances. Interestingly, while Margaret is unaware of the po wer dynamics aligned with the gaze, John is uncomfortably aware – he is embarrassed to feel so much pleasure in looking at her and resents her effortless ability to make him question his own feelings. Consequently, while John’s scopophilic gaze figures Margaret as a sexual and erotic spectacle, her unfettered return of the gaze prevents her from simply becoming a passive object. As the romance plot continues to develop throughout North and South, John’s erotic gaze upon Margaret begins to determine his actions and thoughts. Even after she rejects his marriage offer, John, more than ever, feels the need to gaze upon Margaret. To justify visiting the Hales, John brings the ailing Mrs. Hale a second basket of fruit. He tells himself that â€Å"he would not – say rather, he could not – deny himself the pleasure of seeing Margaret. He had no end in it but the present gratification† (217). His gaze is overtly scopophilic – he yearns only fo r the pleasure he gets in gazing upon Margaret. To John, Margaret is continues to be a sexual and pleasing object to behold. Yet while he finds pleasure in seeing her, this urge actually controls his actions more than it controls Margaret’s. He is, in a sense, possessed by the need to see her. The need is so great that he questions if he is â€Å"bewitched by those beautiful eyes† (192), further strengthening the connection between sight and sexual attraction. John’s desire to gaze upon Margaret reaches self-abusive heights. Upon hearing of Mrs. Hales death, John thinks of Margaret: â€Å"For all his pain, he wished to see the author of it. Although he hated Margaret at times, when of thought of that gentle familiar attitude and all the attendant circumstances, he had a resting desire to renew her picture in his mind† (247). Margaret causes John extreme emotional distress, and yet he continually feels the urge to see her again. To counter his growing preo ccupation with his unrequited love, John vows to â€Å"see as little of her as possible – since the very sight of that face and form†¦had such power to move him from balance† (306). Indeed, the sight of Margaret does less to control her than it does to control John. His obsessive need to gaze upon her actually dominates his consciousness, and has an irresistible â€Å"power† over him. Critics E. Ann Kaplan and Mary Ann Doane argue that men are not the exclusive bearer of the look, but even when a female appropriates the gaze she fails to inherit its agency (121, 1). This is not true of Margaret. Margaret is a notably active heroine in North and South, and this characteristic unquestionably plays into her courtship with John. Margaret is the object of John’s gaze, and yet Margaret reverses this formation by studying John and therefore becoming the subject of the gaze. She tells her father that John is â€Å"the first specimen of a manufacturer â€⠀œ of a person engaged in trade – that I ever had the opportunity of studying, papa. I know he is good of his kind, and by and by I shall like the kind† (152). Margaret figures herself as the observer, the studier, and the scientist, while John becomes the object of study, the â€Å"specimen.† Her dehumanizing and condescending rhetoric places her in a superior position to her object of study – John. Later in the novel, after the two have been separated for over a year, she still plays the role of the scientist inspecting her specimen. Gaskell writes: â€Å"Margaret was watching Mr. Thornton’s face. He never looked at her; so she might study him unobserved, and note the changes which even this short time had wrought in him†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (389) This passage also focuses on sight and observation, and places Margaret in the dominant position as the studier and subject of the gaze. The agency aligned with Margaret’s gaze is more overtly demonstra ted in the scene in which John comes to propose after Margaret shields him from his violent and disgruntled workers. Margaret is thoroughly offended that John would think her actions were based in love and not womanly duty. â€Å"’You had nothing to be grateful for,’ said she, raising her eyes and looking full and straight at him†¦her very eyes†¦fell not nevertheless from their grave and steady look† (176). She denies having romantic feelings for John, and bluntly rejects his marriage offer. Her glaring eyes reflect her outright defiance of John’s intentions. No longer is her gaze â€Å"maiden† and â€Å"simple,† but it is rather deliberately severe and threatening. Margaret’s rejection of a well-off suitor is a bold move considering the particular social and historical milieu, and her fiery gaze is reflective of this audacious decision. In essence, Margaret’s appropriation of the gaze, and the authority therein, allo ws her an active role in the narrative and a strong degree of power over the male protagonist. In the end, both Margaret and John willingly submit themselves to the other’s gaze; in so doing, they allow their relationship to culminate in a mutually satisfying marriage. After a year apart, the two meet once again. Gaskell writes that Margaret looked â€Å"up straight into his face with her speaking eyes† and then dropped â€Å"them under his eloquent glance. He gazed back at her for a minute† (392). Margaret returns the gaze at first, but eventually submits to John’s. Taking into account the idea of the gaze and power as closely aligned, it is clear that Margaret’s downward glance forfeits the agency and power she has wielded with her gaze throughout the previous sections of the novel. Furthermore, while she looks away John continues to gaze upon her. In this way he becomes the dominant actor in the interaction. The exchange of power between the pr otagonists becomes most significant in the final passages of North and South. Gaskell writes: For an instant she looked up; and then sought to veil her luminous eyes by dropping her forehead onto her hands†¦still lower the head; more closely hidden was the face†¦after a minute or two, he gently disengaged her hands from her face, and laid her arms as they had once before been placed to protect him from the rioters†¦she slowly faced him, glowing with beautiful shame. (394-5)Margaret, once again, begins by returning John’s gaze, but physically conceals her gaze with her own hands. John, in disengaging her hands, invites her to return the gaze. As she faces him, we can assume that he, too, is looking at her. The exchange of the gaze in this scene attests to the changed power dynamic between the two characters. Both Margaret and John are now the subject and object of their lover’s gaze, submitting themselves to each other through the reciprocal exchange of power. It is only through this exchange of power that the two lovers can come together in marriage. Gaskell writes that â€Å"so much was understood through the eyes that cannot be put into words† (235), and indeed, their exchange of looks signals their commitment to one another in matrimony. Contrary to Mulvey’s central argument, John is not the exclusive bearer of the gaze in North and South. The gaze he directs towards Margaret is scopophilic, to be sure, and yet the gaze she returns – a gaze aligned power and agency – allows her to reject the objectifying gaze that would render her passive. In taking Laura Mulvey’s gaze theory as an apparatus with which to understand the dynamics of the courtship plot, one is better able to investigate the complex and unique approach to romance that Gaskell takes in North and South.

Gandhis life and experiences in England Essays - 1531 Words

On September 4, 1887, Mahatma Gandhi stepped on board a boat bound for England with the intention to further his academic career. Naà ¯ve and intensely shy, young Gandhi did not fully appreciate the extent to which his beliefs were to be challenged, transformed and eventually strengthened during this sojourn into the unknown. Nearly all aspects of his identity, including diet, social traditions, culture and religion, were scrutinized by Westerners and, in turn, as he adopted their perspective, judged unmercifully by Gandhi himself. Yet though threatened by the new environment, Gandhi recovered a sense of identity in his Indian culture and heritage stronger than he previously experienced. His encounter with the West lent him incredible†¦show more content†¦His triumph was great indeed, for despite anticipating some inconvenience, he was unprepared for the extent of the sacrifices required in keeping true to this life style. Gandhi vegetarianism met with constant disdain and pity even among his friends. He was forced to walk miles upon miles searching for appropriate restaurants, all the while living off insufficient meals provided by his landlady. Although physically malnourished, with only cocoa, porridge, or bread in his belly, Gandhi stubbornly held to his sacred vow out of respect for his mother. Eventually, the quick-witted young man came upon literature in a restaurant advocating vegetarianism and was able to use Western ideas to strengthen his vow to abstaining from meat. The consumption of meat was reported to be inefficient in providing nourishment and energy to the body, and furthermore, livestock and poultry were treated with ruthless apathy throughout captivity. This development in favor of his vow, for Gandhi was able to justify vegetarianism to himself through Western as well as Indain eyes. 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After his father’s death, Gandhi’s family sent him to England in 1888 to study law, where he became interested in the philosophy of nonviolence. Gandhi returned to India in 1891, because he found little success in his attempts to practice law. Seeking a change of scenery, he accepted a positionRead MoreMahatma Gandhi, An Inspirational And Non Violent Leader Essay1425 Words   |  6 Pageswhen many people began to analyze his practices. By compar ing Gandhi’s real life examples of leadership with the theories and concepts provided from various sources we can begin to understand how these principles can be used to lead in a multitude of environments. Gandhi had plans to study medicine but his father and family pushed him towards a career in law, wanting him to become a government minister. 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In his life Gandhi had six main principles: Truth, Non-violence, Vegetarianism, Brahmacharya, Simplicity, and Faith. Gandhi dedicated his whole life in discovering the Truth or Satya. He tried this by learning from his own mistakesRead MoreGandy and the Ahimsa Philosophy Essay844 Words   |  4 PagesMost of Gandhi’s intellectual, social and political ethics and beliefs developed in the search of truth and non violence, or ahimsa, the opposite being himsa. Ahimsa is simply defined as to not injure, and himsa defined as to injure. Ahimsa is also referred to as nonviolence, according to many religions (Indian) it applies to all living beings including. â€Å"Ahimsa is a comprehensive principle. We are helpless mortals caught in the conflagration of himsa. The saying that life lives on life has aRead MoreComparation of Gandhi to Socrates, to buddha, to Jesus and to St. Fancis of Assisi924 Words   |  4 Pagesbut through the cogent example of a morally superior conduct o f life†. Other tributes compared Gandhi to Socrates, to Buddha, to Jesus, and to Saint Fancis of Assisi. The life of Mahatma (great soul) Gandhi is very documented. Certainly it was an extraordinary life, poking at the ancient Hindu religion and culture and modern revolutionary ideas about politics and society, an unusual combination of perceptions and values. Gandhi’s life was filled with contradictions. He was described as a gentle man

The Field Of Data Analytics Essay - 1119 Words

In today s mind boggling business environment, the field of data analytics is developing in acknowledgment and significance (Grant and Jordan, 2015). It is assuming a basic part as a basic leadership resource for officials, particularly those overseeing expansive organizations. Notwithstanding the development in significance of Planned/Analytical and its prospects for the future, other focal subjects emerged, incorporating the differed routes in which Planned/Analytical is organized and oversaw inside these ventures (Grant and Jordan, 2015). This flags the act of analytics, while advancing as a decision-making resource, stays in its initial advancement organizes and will proceed to develop and develop the length of it creates unmistakable budgetary advantages for the company. Planned/Analytical has arrived and it is as of now an essential focused asset for some organizations, with less than 20 percent of respondents expressing that Planned/Analytical does not yet bolster their corporate systems (Hofer Schendel, 1978). In addition to the development in significance of Planned/Analytical and its prospects for the future, other focal subjects emerged, incorporating the changed courses in which examination is organized and oversaw inside these endeavors (Grant and Jordan, 2015). This flags examination, while advancing as a basic leadership asset, stays in its initial improvement arranges and will proceed to advance and develop the length of it produces substantial budgetaryShow MoreRelatedThe Field Of Data Analytics1642 Words   |  7 Pages In today’s complex business environment, the field of data analytics is growing in acceptance and importance. 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What Are The Ethical Issues Involved - 989 Words

Step 2: What are the ethical issues involved? If LeBlanc orders the t-shirts from China she knows that it has low wages, rigorous work schedules, poor safety regulations, and a lack of worker’s compensation and benefits for its employees. After all, she had witnessed firsthand similar conditions when she visited a Bulgarian clothing factory while with the University of Virginia. She also had to think about the global recession, and how it would make the company look by outsourcing for cheaper t-shirts instead of supporting U.S. companies. However, if she orders the t-shirts from the San Francisco company, which she had worked with in the past, she knows good working conditions exist for the employees there. Also, even though the t-shirts were more expensive they were made of good quality, fair-trade, organic, and eco-friendly. Step 3: Who are the stakeholders impacted by the situation? 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Essay on Values In Early American Literature - 1346 Words

Values in Early American Literature We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their creator with inherent and inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, says the Declaration of Independence. This phrase encompasses three major values shown throughout early American literature. The strong belief in religion, freedom, and a strong will for a better life. Each piece had one or more of these themes within them. A strong value within almost all the writing was religion, both Native American and Puritan. Most Native American tales are based around a god or a moral expressed by a god. In Coyote Finishes His Work Coyote does all his work†¦show more content†¦The Puritan religion was the basis for other works such as Anne Bradstreet. And to my God my heart did cry, to strengthen me in my distress, and not leave me succorless. This is from a poem called, Here Follow Some Verses upon the Burning of Our House, July 10 1666. This particular piece entails the happenings of the Bradstreet homestead burning. During this difficult time Anne often speaks to God about letting go of her worldly possessions. Religion is one of the many things that helped new settlers through the beginning years of America. Another value that helped during this time was freedom. Freedom, its been ever present since the pilgrims first set foot upon the land soon to be called America. It was the reason for coming over and the reason for fighting against British rule. It is one of the values that stayed with every member of this country to this day. America will never be happy till she gets clear of foreign dominion. So states Thomas Paines From the crisis, No.1. This discusses the wish to free the American colonies from British rule. 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Analysis and Summary of If by Rudyard Kipling Free Essays

English ISU Rudyard Kipling was born in 1865 and through the years of living in Bombay, he learned about the British Empire. Kipling gave much too English literature and wrote poetry, short stories, and novels1. When Kipling was five, his parents sent him to boarding school in England so he could learn more about his British background. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis and Summary of If by Rudyard Kipling or any similar topic only for you Order Now While living in England, Kipling was inspired by the imperialistic views of the British demonstrated around the world. During his school years, Kipling had a very difficult at boarding school. He was physically abused throughout his time in college. After finishing college in 1882, he returned back to India to work as a journalist and editor. Also in 1882, Kipling married an American woman Caroline Balestier and immediately moved to America to live with her. He stayed in Vermont until 1899, and went back alone to England to write literature. The majority of his poems dealt with his opinion of inspiration and imperialism. An analysis of â€Å"If† and â€Å"The White Man’s Burden† makes it clear that Rudyard Kipling uses literary devices effectively to fortify his message of inspiration and imperialism. If† is one of Kipling’s best known poems and it contains one of his most powerful messages of inspiration. In the beginning of the second stanza in â€Å"If†, Kipling uses personification â€Å"If you can dream- and not make dreams your master. † The beginning of the stanza focuses on reality; dreaming is good, but do not let it take control of yourself. Meaning, there are other impor tant goals in life that are needed to be achieved. The second personification used by Kipling is on line 10 and 11 â€Å"If you can meet with triumph and disaster/ and treat those two imposters the same. This explains that failure is a benefit; mistakes are guaranteed to happen. No one is perfect and people learn from their missteps. The final personification on line 21 and 22 Kipling uses is â€Å"If you can force your heart and nerve and sinew/ To serve your turn long after they are gone. † This means to put your heart and nerve into your actions in the future and learn from the past. Also, having to accept the past and move on from it with your heart and gut. Alliteration is expressed twice in â€Å"If† to fortify Kipling’s thoughts and expressions throughout his poem. In line 12, the alliteration â€Å"treat those two imposters just the same. † emphasizes Kipling’s point of treating people with equity and respect. This quote implies how Kipling sees society’s disapproval towards other people and he interprets that everyone including (imposters) should be fairly treated without criticism or judging based on societal influences. Another example of Alliteration is â€Å"With sixty seconds’ worth of distance run,† on line 30, expressing Kipling’s opinion of time. Meaning to try and put an effort in constantly; even when feeling exhausted. Repetition and diction is used in â€Å"If† to strengthen Kipling’s message of inspiration. First off, â€Å"you† is used repeatedly in the poem to enrich Kipling’s message directly to the reader â€Å"The white man’s burden†, is one of Kipling’s best views of imperialism throughout the poem. In lines 19 and 20, Kipling uses the personification â€Å"Fill full the mouth of famine/ and bid the sickness cease. † Thus Kipling proclaims that the imperialist nation is going to aid and feed the conquered land. Kipling uses another personification in the sixth stanza â€Å"Nor call too loud on freedom/ To clock your weariness†. Thus, Kipling explores the meaning of individual freedom and that the use of individual freedom should not be an excuse to cover up ones weariness. Also, not aiding others by refusing to â€Å"Take up the White Man`s burden†. Anaphora is used in â€Å"The White Man’s Burden† to give emphasis to Kipling’s points. The first example is found in the fourth stanza, â€Å"The ports ye shall not enter, /The roads ye shall not thread,† have the same â€Å"The _ ye shall not _†. This represents Kipling’s repetitive thoughts of the imperial nation being denied to enter and live in the captured nation. Another example of anaphora is used in the sixth stanza â€Å"By all ye cry or whisper, / By all ye leave or do†. Kipling is poetically conveying the ruling of the conquered nation founded by the bequest of the imperial territory. Kipling also expresses the poems theme of Imperialism with the significant use of repetition and allusion. The line â€Å"Take up the White Man’s Burden-† is used at the start of each stanza establishing the basis of the poem. How to cite Analysis and Summary of If by Rudyard Kipling, Essay examples

Competitive Strategy AAA-framework †Free Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Competitive Strategy AAA-framework. Answer: Introduction Globalization has become a major factor in the business of the modern world. The organizations in the modern world has adopted different approaches that has helped them in being sustainable globally. One of the major approaches has been identified by Pankaj Ghemawat as the AAA-framework, which stands for Adaptation, Aggregation and Arbitrage. The main objective of this study will be to analyze the global strategies that will help in efficient management of the tourism and the beverage industry. The tourism industry in Australia faces tough competition as there are a number of operators who caters to the needs of the tourists (Ghemawat 2013). The two companies of this industry need to improve the turnover and shares in the market by maximizing their operations on the local grounds. The companies have to increase their economies of scale by operating on the domestic and international level. Arbitrage will help the companies to exploit the disparities that are present in the local and the foreign market as well (Teeratansirikool et al. 2013). The beverage industry has to make strategic choices that will help them in making a degree of prioritization. This framework will help the industry in a better way. There is a possibility of making advancements on the different strategies but the industries need to keep their focus on building a competitive advantage in the market. By using the framework, it will help the industry to attain the goals and objectives that has been set by the companies. The beverage industry and particularly the two company Coca-Cola Amatil and Fosters Group will benefit by locating the different supply chains that are present in local markets for maximizing their revenues (West, Ford and Ibrahim 2015). Tourism Industry (Overseas Adventure Travel and Kensington Tours company) Beverage Industry (Coca-Cola Amatil and Fosters Group) Adaptation strategy in Tourism industry The hospitality of the tourism industry is a domain that is being recognized as sensitive because it involves more than one supplier in the form of tour operators and has a high demand of stakeholders that is the tourists. It directly creates an impact on the concerns that arises through tourism. Firms like Kensington Tours and Overseas Adventure Travel caters to the needs of the tourists in both domestic and international markets. The main aim of Overseas Adventure Travel (OAT) is to be the dominant company in the tourism industry by providing the customers with intercultural experiences that will help in creating an impact on the life of the customers. The company to a great extent depends on the macro economic cycles that is present in the industry and keeps up with the customer trends that are evolving on a constant basis (Bova 2015). It is important for the company to keep a watch on the parallel sectors as it helps in the performance of the tourism industry in a positive or a n egative way. The innovation of the products and the development of the demands on a seasonal basis plays an important factor in determining the role companies in the tourism industry. The vision of OAT is to create an atmosphere, which will help in upgrading the communication with the tourists and accepting the global standards of the industry (Fraj et al. 2015). The Kensington Tours provides custom made schemes that helps in adapting to the changes that is taking place on a daily basis in the emerging markets. It also provides unparalleled experiences to its customers. Both the companies have taken the integrated business model in their business policies, level of flexibility and partnership as the adaptation strategies that help them to meet the constant demands of the industry (Comas Mati and Seifert 2013). Adaptation strategy in Beverage industry The beverage industry in Australia is undergoing various things of differed proportions. The conditions and the complexities that are present in the market helps in the functioning and the operation of the industry. Company like Coca-Cola Amatil has aimed to make its strategies regarding the packaging and keep up with the products that are health conscious as the trends in the market is changing as far as customers are concerned (Jopp et al. 2013). The company recently launched Coke Life in the country, which is low in calorie content and contains natural flavors. The management of the company has predicted a profit of more than 100 million AUD, which also includes the measures related to cost savings over the next couple of years. The firm also wants to expand by exploring the opportunities that are present in New Zealand and the Australasian region, which will help in boosting up the sales of the products (Chopra et al. 2016). The Fosters Group in the country is also seeing a growth in the sales and the profits. Due to the effects of globalization and the economic meltdown, the consumers have changed their drinking habits in the country. The company is aiming to target the customers by introducing Carlton light, which will help in boosting up the chances of the firm to make a comeback in the market. The product will aim to target consumers who are especially women, corporates and the young customers (Lim-Camacho et al. 2016). The company aims to expand its products by acquiring the New South Wales company, which will help in increasing the market share in the country. The company has already acquired five companies in Australia and has become the major producer beer in the region (Probstl-Haider and Haider 2013). Aggregation strategy in Tourism industry The aggregation strategy helps in overcoming the differences by implementation of cross border means. The Australian tourism sector is largely dependent on the aggregation strategy that exists in the business environment. The tourism industry in Australia is divided in to small and medium scale organization that offers various packages to the consumers. OAT is focused on engaging the operations by introducing package schemes for the tourists, which includes the islands of Australia and exotic destinations like Queensland, Mackay and Great Barrier Reef (Radlo 2016). Kensington Tours on the other hand aims to introduce packages that are cost effective in the tourist destination areas such as Ayers Rock, Auckland and Sydney, Rotorua in New Zealand, which helps them in earning revenues of 4941 AUD. This helps the company to make profit in spite of the differences in the preferences of the country. OAT uses the strategies that help them in creating the economies of scale that is necessary for the company to thrive in the market (Schegelmilch 2016). The design of the products is based on the regions of its operations, which is located between the geographical boundaries that help in the creation of demand. The separation of the designs of the products depends on the cultural and the economic aspects of the regions where the company is operating. This helps the companies in gaining competitive advantage over each other respectively. This is one of the best example of aggregation strategy in the tourism industry (Porter and Ronit 2015). Aggregation strategy in Beverage industry The beverage industry is dependent on the aggregation strategy largely due to the environment in which it operates. The Coca-Cola Amatil company in the country has to execute the strategies, which will help the company in benefitting in the long run. The company has partnered with the Coco-Cola company, which will help in developing the carbonated products with the help of advancements. The company aims to expand in the domestic market by introduction of the products that will help the local customers to benefit from their products. This strategy cannot be applied in the international market and the company plans to diversify its products to gain a competitive advantage over its rivals (Surkminski 2013). Fosters is a major company in the country, which looks after the demands of a large number of consumers who are from different economic background. The aim of the firm is to target the market that is present within a specific territory of the country where it will serve to the demands of the local consumers by offering a variety of beverages. The company has to deploy various marketing strategies such as advertisement strategies and the marketing mix, which will help the company to fulfill its goal in the target market. Arbitration strategy in Tourism industry The tourism sector is dependent on the arbitration strategies that is widespread in the tourism industry. The overall success of the firm depends on these strategies. The Overseas Adventure Travel company is very efficient and they would exploit the market by giving the services to the customers at a high price, which will help them in segregating their target clients, which will lead to a substantial amount of profit generated by the tour packages (Caiazza and Ferrera 2016). Kensington Tours on the other hand, helps in manipulating the disadvantages that is present in the local industries by capitalizing on it by providing premium and better service to the customers, which helps in generation of funds for the company. The company designs its tour packages that are based on popular culture that will help in grabbing the attention of the customers. This helps the company in gaining competitive advantage over other organizations and grow steadily in the future (Rothlin and McCann 2016). Arbitration strategy in Beverage industry The beverage industry in Australia is on the verge of globalization, which is inclusive of various factors. Coca-Cola Amatil is aiming to introduce its products in the markets where the rival and global companies are not very effective. Products such as Diet Coke and Powerade aims to explore the internal markets of the regions that the company has targeted. This will give less opportunities and business prospects to the rival companies. The focus of the firm will be to control the differences in labor and capital. It will exploit the cultural side of the country and introduce cost effective products, which will attract customers not only for the price but also due to health consciousness. The alcohol market in Australia is worth 20 billion out of which beer amount to a majority of 10 billion USD (Snyman 2015). Fosters have many opportunities to increase its profits and even utilizes the shortcomings of the other beverage companies. This helps the company in targeting its market and manipulates the regions that is devoid of the alcoholic beverage market. In simple terms, the company wants its presence to be felt in that environment where it can have an advantage over other firms. Recommendations It can be recommended that in the adaptation strategy, the tourism industry will regain its business by investing in areas that have future prospects and companies like Kensington Tours will aim to offer its clients premium and luxurious services at a cheaper price. The Coca-Cola Amatil group will depend on its packaging and offer health products to the customers due to their changing preferences on a local basis. The aggregation strategy will help the tourism industry in aiming to exploit the regional and geographical aspect, which will help in the administrative and economical perspective on a global level. The Fosters group on the other hand, will implement various strategies that will help in fulfilling the goals of the organization in a particular target market. From the perspective of arbitrage, both the companies in the tourism industry will aim to take advantage of the varied cultural, administrative and economic conditions of the country. The beverage industry will aim to in troduce its operations in the target market, which does not consist of any domestic and international companies. This will help by giving them a competitive advantage in that area. Conclusion Thus, it can be concluded that the AAA-framework helps in analyzing the key marketing areas. The analysis has shown that both the industries have accepted globalization and due to the various factors, that are present in the market, the industries have adopted different business interest that will help them to serve in their domains respectively. The tourism industry aspires to accomplish its core competency on the basis of regional jargons. This is possible as both the company depend on the innovative packages, which is centered around the customers. The beverage industry is dependent mainly on its products that are cost-effective for the customers. Finally, it can be inferred that both the industries look to combine its position for the sake of growth and development, which will eventually lead to profits. References Bova, F., 2015. Discussion of Product Market Competition, Legal Institutions, and Accounting Conservatism. Journal of International Accounting Research, 14(2), pp.41-43. Caiazza, R. and Ferrara, G., 2016. Economic geography and multipolar strategies: an empirical analysis. Journal of Management Development, 35(3), pp.394-405. Chopra, A., Sachdeva, A. and Bhardwaj, A., 2016. Productivity enhancement using reliability centred maintenance in process industry. International Journal of Industrial and Systems Engineering, 23(2), pp.155-165. Comas Mart, J.M. and Seifert, R.W., 2013. Assessing the comprehensiveness of supply chain environmental strategies. Business strategy and the environment, 22(5), pp.339-356. Fraj, E., Matute, J. and Melero, I., 2015. Environmental strategies and organizational competitiveness in the hotel industry: The role of learning and innovation as determinants of environmental success. Tourism Management, 46, pp.30-42. Ghemawat, P., 2013.Redefining global strategy: Crossing borders in a world where differences still matter. Harvard Business Press. Jopp, R., DeLacy, T., Mair, J. and Fluker, M., 2013. Using a regional tourism adaptation framework to determine climate change adaptation options for Victoria's Surf Coast. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 18(1-2), pp.144-164. Lim-Camacho, L., Ariyawardana, A., Lewis, G.K., Crimp, S.J., Somogyi, S., Ridoutt, B. and Howden, S.M., 2016. Climate adaptation of food value chains: the implications of varying consumer acceptance. Regional Environmental Change, pp.1-11. Porter, T. and Ronit, K., 2015. Implementation in International Business Self?regulation: The Importance of Sequences and their Linkages. Journal of Law and Society, 42(3), pp.413-433. Prbstl-Haider, U. and Haider, W., 2013. Tools for measuring the intention for adapting to climate change by winter tourists: some thoughts on consumer behavior research and an empirical example. Tourism Review, 68(2), pp.44-55. Radlo, M.J., 2016. Evolutionary View of International Production Fragmentation in Enterprises. In Offshoring, Outsourcing and Production Fragmentation (pp. 127-152). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Rothlin, S. and McCann, D., 2016. Moral Decision-Making in Business. In International Business Ethics (pp. 65-89). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Schlegelmilch, B.B., 2016. Entering Global Markets. In Global Marketing Strategy (pp. 43-61). Springer International Publishing. Snyman, J.A., 2015. Hotel Industry: Forming a Strategic Alliance with Tourism Service Providers. Collaboration in Tourism Businesses and Destinations: A Handbook, p.111. Surminski, S., 2013. Private-sector adaptation to climate risk. Nature Climate Change, 3(11), pp.943-945. Teeratansirikool, L., Siengthai, S., Badir, Y. and Charoenngam, C., 2013. Competitive strategies and firm performance: the mediating role of performance measurement.International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management,62(2), pp.168-184. West, D., Ford, J. and Ibrahim, E., 2015.Strategic marketing: creating competitive advantage. Oxford University Press.