The Fiscal Initiative of Proposition 13 essays

The Fiscal Initiative of Proposition 13 articles The well known activity process has assumed a job in the advancement of a more grounded state nearness in nearby undertakings. Toward the start of the twentieth century, the California Constitution was changed with a progression of measures endorsed by the voters that mirrored the dynamic mind-set of the occasions, including the activity, submission, and review framework. These arrangements have essentially impacted the state's financial wellbeing. State financial policymakers wind up setting strategy because of significant approach changes affirmed by the voters and brought to them by an equal arrangement making process regularly supported by thin interests that have neglected to achieve a similar goal in the administrative procedure. Maybe the most well known financial activity was Proposition 13, The People's Initiative to Limit Property Taxation, proposed by hostile to burden activists Howard Jarvis and Paul Gann. This 1978 activity topped the neighborhood property charge rate at 1 percent of full money esteem, initially set at 1975 market esteem, and gave that the surveyed estimation of a property must be expanded to mirror the deal or new development of the property. Generally speaking yearly increments in evaluated an incentive for singular properties are topped at 2 percent or swelling, whichever is less. To keep the assembly from expanding state duties to cover the misfortune in nearby property charges, Proposition 13 raised the vote limit to build a state charge from a lion's share vote to 66% of the lawmaking body. This edge stays set up today. Suggestion 13 seriously constrained neighborhood administrations financed by the property charge, especially for schools, and moved a lot of school subsidizing to the state. In 1988, California voters affirmed another activity, Proposition 98, which ensures a base degree of state incomes and property expenses to be given to K-14 instruction. A few examiners battle that Proposition 98 is a roof as opposed to a story for training spending. A... <!

Future of Investment Banking

Eventual fate of Investment Banks is incredibly applicable subject for today’s considers. This kind of banks foundations plays one of the primary jobs, being coursing component in the entire group of money related framework. Essential job ensured by the capacities to assist customers with raising capital through obligations, value or other potential arrangements. Unnecessary to take note of that venture banks are those advantaged establishments that are engaged with procedures of mergers and acquisitions. Worry about eventual fate of such a significant venture banks are raised by moderately late occasions in bank part of the economy.Even when BNP Paribas flagged that they had issues with appropriately estimating its book of subprime related securities, a great deal of specialists were beginning to stress. Chain of occasions is perceptible on account of Lehman Brothers’ breakdown too. Also, these days inquiries of the advancement points of view of venture banks expanded significantly. In endeavors to portray conceivable advancement points of view of speculation banks, following picture can be drawn. Most importantly, it’s given that amount of â€Å"investment banks† as of now decreased.It’ better to portray it as union procedure with a lesser measure of large banks and all the more little boutiques. Securing of JP Morgan in gigantic less powerful structure demonstrates this contention. Second, the issue of development hole ought to be comprehended. Managing hilter kilter by the methods for Repurchasing Agreements isn't adequate any longer because of the absence of trust. In addition, resource/obligation befuddle is dangerous and difficult to control. Consequently it’s imperative to hand-off on long haul subsidizing, for example, stores. The following motion of brush is absolutely about the guideline issue.Industry encountered a type of deregulation brought about by Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, which had supplanted Glass-Steag all Act. In this manner, business saves money with increasingly moderate structure perceptibly had drawn nearer to speculation keeps money with all their daring individual things. Genuine model is outlined by Citigroup, where mix of banking, security and protection might be watched. Detachment ought to be bolstered to maintain a strategic distance from irreconcilable situations which brought about in inner condition of budgetary institutions.Next thing to see so as to satisfy the estimate of improvement viewpoint of speculation banks needs to manage rewards in division. There are no questions, that individuals who dealt with the field of venture are extremely persevering people, committed to their activity over ten hours daily including ends of the week. By and by, they play with â€Å"other people’s money† which forces duties that can't be overestimated. It implies that broad effect may happen if there should be an occurrence of ineffective exercises yet not for the t rader.Bonuses ought to be restricted. Inspiration program ought to include rewards for benefits as well as a type of arrangements/recompenses in unwanted instance of misfortunes. Attentiveness will definitely prompt more hazard avoidance conduct. As a matter of fact, hazard traditionalist methodology is required all around banking because of end of the monetary emergency dangers. Before summarizing, all the exercises, that ought to be accomplished for the eventual fate of the speculation banks, there is one thing that will happen regardless of what.It is something about experience that obviously has the right to be thought of. Exercises gained from the critical scenes of budgetary emergency are extremely important. Individuals will turn out to be increasingly levelheaded, particularly regarding managing obscure instruments like CDOs, CDO^2s and others. Contentions introduced in this paper should bolster the possibility of venture baking’s advancement. Notwithstanding the regu lar concerns, the business will endure, due to the ceaseless interest of fund-raising

The Drug Policy System In Portugal Criminology Essay

The Drug Policy System In Portugal Criminology Essay In opposition to well known accept, it isn't the Netherlands that has the most liberal medications law, it is really the Portugal. With its notoriety of being the main European nation to cancel all the criminal punishments for the individual ownership of medications (decriminalizing) and simultaneously empowering them to oversee and control their medication issue viably than each other nation in the West, it is difficult to deny that Portuguese is a model for tranquilize approach in the Europe. In this task, this will be talked about further inside and out alongside the examinations of Portugal with the other (European) nations that has distinctive medication approaches so as to help this contention. CONTENT There are various kinds of medication control technique utilized by various nations everywhere throughout the world. There are the forbiddance of medications, the sanctioning lastly, the frameworks of medication strategy, (for example, decriminalization, hurt decrease and medicalisation). The restriction of medications is basically done by nations, for example, Sweden, United States of America (USA) and Islamic nations where they condemned sedates by punishing the medication client. The following strategy for medicate control, authorization of medications right now are not yet done by any nations on the planet the same number of are for the most part against this thought. Be that as it may, Uruguay has proposed the authorizing of cannabis so as to stop sedate dealers issue in their nation (Cave, 2012). The other medication control technique is an arrangement of medication approach change that is finished by Portugal which is to be concentrated in this article. This medication approac h change framework comprises of three angles which are the decriminalization of medications, looking the medication issue in a clinical point of view (medicalisation) and furthermore hurt decrease projects to bring down the mischief done by tranquilize use. Some different nations that have likewise decriminalized sedate use are: Netherlands, Spain and Czech Republic, in spite of the fact that they are being done contrastingly in every nation. On the first of July 2001, Portugal started a noteworthy extreme approach change in its push to lessen the raising number of medication clients and the issue identified with tranquilize use (especially during the 1990s-which this issue apparently worsened) in the nation. The lead of the new arrangement is to decriminalize the utilization and ownership of medications for individual use, presented as another law, Law 30/2000. Under this new law, the individual use and ownership of medications are made to be just regulatory offenses as opposed to criminal offenses. Portugal in the liberal medication strategy coupled its decriminalization with a general wellbeing reorientation with treatment and damage decrease put focal in managing its medication issue. This decriminalization additionally isolates the medication client from the criminal equity framework by distinguishing the medication client as patient, a wellbeing and social issue. What's more, the medication client won't have any criminal record for their medication offenses yet rather, a regulatory offense. This recognizes the medication arrangement from Spain where the strategy is true decriminalization where the medication client will at present be decided by the criminal court. The criticism emerges from conviction of criminal onto the medication client is the thing that that Portuguese arrangement expressly plans to turn away. This medicalisation see simultaneously is additionally an extraordinary measure to enable the general public to out with the end goal for it to create as the impa cts of criminal conviction on the medication client will evidently be confounded once they are back in the general public, for example, as far as looking for business and furthermore, the loss of the medication clients social regard and companions or family (Pager, 2003). Along with that, the shirking of shame to the medication clients will likewise make them bound to look for treatment and in the end have a superior opportunity to succeed. In managing the managerial offenses, every one of the eighteen regions in Portugal will have in any event one panel that manages tranquilize use in that area ( nonetheless, bigger ones will have more than one council). When all is said in done, the boards of trustees will comprise of three individuals; two individuals from the clinical division (doctors, clinicians, therapists, or social laborers) and another with a legitimate foundation. They are likewise otherwise called the Commissions for the Dissuasion of Drug Addiction (Comissã µes para a Dissuasã £o da Toxicodependã ªncia), the CDTs. Individuals who are found possessing medications will be alluded to the CDTs by the police. The individual will at that point be relied upon to show up before the CDT inside 72 hours after found by the police. The CDTs use focused on reactions to sedate clients, including authorizations, for example, network administration, fines, suspension of expert licenses and bans on going to assigned spot s. Be that as it may, their essential point is to discourage new medication clients and to urge subordinate medication clients to enter treatment. Towards this end they decide if people are incidental or ward tranquilize clients and afterward apply a proper approval (Hughes and Stevens, 2007). In any case, the advisory group can't command mandatory treatment, despite the fact that its direction is to incite addicts to enter and stay in treatment. Moreover, in light of the fact that the panels will see the clients over and again, they would develop a relationship of trust with the someone who is addicted. This sort of treatment to the medication client is bound to succeed instead of different techniques as the medication client enter the specialist persistent relationship on a willful premise and they are likewise given the decision to continue with it or not, henceforth engaging them (Merril et al, 2002). This is done another way in different nations, for example, in Sweden, where t reatment is very out of reach as medication clients will be bound to be given punishment for tranquilize offenses and can just experience free treatment by applying to their neighborhood social government assistance board, yet since the treatment is costly, just two or three a huge number of utilizations are endorsed each year because of restricted assets (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2007). Notwithstanding its medicalisation see and the law changes done by Portugal to battle its medication use issue, hurt decrease programs were likewise observed to be placed focal in their new medication approach. Medication treatment in Portugal can be characterized into four fundamental classifications the outpatient sedate treatment, the day care focuses, the detoxification units and the remedial networks. The entirety of the inside give both psychosocial and replacement treatment. Day focuses offering outpatient care and withdrawal treatment are given by both open and non-legislative administrations. Inpatient psychosocial treatment generally comprises of remedial networks and is essentially accessible in private administrations. There is additionally present moment and long haul private psychosocial sedate treatment gave (The European Monitoring Center for Drugs and Drug Addiction, 2011). Starting at 2011, there are around 40 tasks that manage medicate clients so as to make the med ication use action more secure (Vale de Andrade and Carapinha, 2010). As mischief decrease recognizes that the medication clients are by and large incapable to go on forbearance yet at the same time should be helped, the basic strategies to lessen hurt comprises of the accompanying: needle trade program so as to diminish the unavoidable dangers usually connected with needle sharing, (for example, HIV) and furthermore, unique assigned infusion destinations with clinical oversight to instruct tranquilize clients the more secure infusion procedures and to get them off the boulevards. Furthermore, methadone and buprenorphineâ subscriptions are likewise utilized to help road heroin someone who is addicted in decrease of their number by checking desires (Christie et al, 2008). This proportion of mischief decrease and medications gave by the nation has considered a to be result as there have been huge decreases in Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C for individuals in the treatment and furthermor e, between the year 1999 2003 there was a 17% decrease in warnings of new, tranquilize related instances of HIV (Beagrie, 2011). The impact of decriminalizing additionally expanded the quantity of individuals going in looking for the treatment intentionally. The treatment will likewise occur quicker and increment the adequacy as the medication clients don't need to sit tight for the long procedure experiencing law implementations, for example, that in Sweden and Spain. Despite the fact that the forbiddance of medication ownership is done through managerial guideline, as opposed to criminal punishments, one of the numerous 13 targets of the technique, is to expand the authorization of laws disallowing dealing and dispersion of medications in Portugal (Moreira et al, 2007). Under the watchful eye of the new medication law was presented in 2001, the time and assets of the equity framework were incredibly extended when entrusted with fighting medication utilization. For example, in 2000, 7592 charges for sedate utilization were made by police, putting a gigantic strain on the courts and penitentiaries. One year after the strategy changes, 6026 clients, rather than experiencing the customary course of indictment and detainment, were alluded to prevention gatherings. This not just reduced the weight on the equity framework, yet in addition permitted the police to concentrate on the genuine hoodlums in the medication business. Charges for dealing expanded by 11% when contrasted with the four years preceding decriminalization (Hughes and Stevens, 2007) and the police had the option to target dealers rather than low level clients. By joining decriminalization with elective remedial/instructive reactions to sedate reliance, the weight of medication law implementation on the general criminal equity framework is extraordinarily reduced (Beckley Foundation, 2012). Besides as indicated by investigate, tranquilize treatment is the most savvy method of tending to sedate issue contrast with detaining the medication client which is over the top expensive. Also, sedate treatment was seen as ready to cut wrongdoing by 80%, other than its capacity to help the societys wellbeing by diminishing the danger of contracting drug related illness, for example, HIV and hepatitis. Be that as it may, this poli

The Cold War :: essays research papers

Harry Truman was the 33rd President of the United States from about the finish of World War 2 and from the earliest starting point of the Cold War in 1945 until he resigned in January, 1952. Harry Truman was conceived in 1884, in Missouri. In April 1945 Truman expected office as the President on the passing of Franklin D. Roosevelt. From the sixteenth of July to the second of August the Potsdam meeting was held in Potsdam, Berlin. Truman and Stalin and Churchill went to the meeting until Churchill was beaten in a political decision by Atlee and supplanted. Truman was stressed over this experience with Stalin as he was not very much educated on him, as Roosevelt had not included him in policy driven issues in this way he did not have the information on the most proficient method to deal with Stalin. The principle issue at the meeting was on Germany. They set up the standard occupations, which were to de-nazify,de-militerise, de-centeralise de-industrialize and democrasise the entirety of Germany. Germany’s reparations were chosen. They likewise settled that Germany’s future would be together turned out, no different improvement without interview of forgien priests. Likewise at Potsdam the Polish outskirts were characterized, and Russia concurred section to the Pacific War. Truman questioned the Russians before the meeting and before the finish of the gathering in August Truman had built up a considerably bigger doubt towards Russia. He felt the Russians had been given a lot at Yalta and he was receiving a harder disposition. He likewise felt that with the force he held with the Atomic bomb, USSR were leveled out. The connection between the superpwers compounded significantly at Potsdam. On the sixth of August 1945 Truman approved an Atomic bomb to be dropped on Hiroshima, a city in Japan and another in Nagasaki, after two days, they caused terrible harm, and a large number of individuals passed on. After the bombs were dropped US troops involved Japan not permitting some other powers in. Truman had disclosed to Stalin minimal about the bomb, first illuminating him at Potsdam and when he approved the drop, he had not counseled or cautioned Stalin, this incensed him as he had needed to increase some Japanese domain before the finish of the war and the pressure started to fabricate. The ascent of two new â€Å"superpowers†developed after the war, the USA and the USSR, both needing to be the more remarkable country. There was a rising strain among Truman and Stalin, as Truman had an alternate demeanor to the USSR and Stalin than Roosevelt had beforehand.

Munchausen Syndrome Symptoms and Treatment

Munchausen Syndrome Symptoms and Treatment Psychotherapy Print Munchausen Syndrome Overview By Dawn Stacey, PhD, LMHC twitter linkedin Dawn Stacey, PhD, LMHC, is a published author, college professor, and mental health consultant with over 15 years of counseling experience. Learn about our editorial policy Dawn Stacey, PhD, LMHC Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on May 18, 2017 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on September 24, 2019 UpperCut Images/Getty Images More in Psychotherapy Online Therapy Munchausen syndrome is considered to be a mental disorder. People who have Munchausen syndrome will usually act as if they have a true physical or mental issue even though they are really not sick. This behavior does not just happen one time. A person with Munchausen syndrome will often frequently and purposely act like he or she is sick. Munchausen syndrome used to be its own disorder, but under the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), it is now called factitious disorder imposed on self. This is a mental disorder where individuals deliberately create, complain of, or exaggerate symptoms of an illness that does not really exist. Their main intention is to assume the sick role to have people care for them and be the center of attention. Diagnosis Criteria Diagnosing Munchausen syndrome can be very hard because of all of the dishonesty associated with this disorder. Doctors must first rule out any possible physical and mental illnesses before considering a diagnosis of Munchausen syndrome. Additionally, in order to be diagnosed with Munchausen syndrome/factitious disorder imposed on self, the following four criteria must be met: Falsification of physical or psychological signs or symptoms, or induction of injury or disease, associated with identified deceptionThe individual presents himself or herself to others as ill, impaired, or injuredThe deceptive behavior is evident even in the absence of obvious external rewardsThe behavior is not better explained by another mental disorder, such as delusional disorder or another psychotic disorder Symptoms The main symptom shown in a person affected by factious disorder imposed on self (AKA Munchausen syndrome) is deliberate causing, misrepresenting, and/or exaggerating of symptoms (physical or psychological) when the person is not actually sick. They may suddenly leave a hospital and move to another area when it is discovered that they are not being truthful. People with Munchausen syndrome can be extremely manipulative, since the main symptom of this disorder has to do with deception and dishonesty. Additional symptoms may  include: Wanting others to view them as being sick or impairedFalsifying medical records to specify an illnessPhysically hurting themselves to cause an injuryDoing something to purposely injure  themselves in order to cause an illness (for example, drinking a poisonous substance to have a violent stomach reaction) Behavior Because an individual affected by factitious disorder imposed on self will deliberately try to cause an illness or injury, the following are some examples of behavior you may see in somebody who may be diagnosed with this disorder: Exaggeration of an actual injury that may lead to additional and unnecessary medical interventionComplaining about neurological symptoms (such as seizures, dizziness, or blacking out), the presence of which is difficult to determineReporting being depressed and suicidal following an event (like a death of a child) even though there was no death and/or the person does not even have a childManipulating a laboratory test (for example, by adding blood to urine or ingesting a medication) to obtain a false abnormal result Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy Both Munchausen syndrome and Munchausen syndrome by proxy are categorized as factitious disorders. With Munchausen syndrome, the person presents himself or herself to others as being sick, whereas with Munchausen syndrome by proxy, the person presents another individual as being ill or injured.This other individual, who can be a child, another adult, or pet, is considered to be a victim. A person affected by Munchausen syndrome by proxy may also be guilty of criminal behavior if his or her actions consist of abuse and/or maltreatment. Causes The exact cause of this disorder is not known. Due to the deception surrounding Munchausen syndrome, it is also not known exactly how many people are affected by it (but the number is expected to be very low). The onset of symptoms usually occurs in early adulthood, often after hospitalization for a medical condition. Unfortunately, this is a complex and poorly understood condition. One main theory of what causes this mental disorder is a history of abuse, neglect, or abandonment as a child. A person may have unresolved parental issues because of this trauma. These issues may, in turn, cause the individual to fake being sick. People may do this because they: Need to feel important and be the center of attentionHave a need to punish themselves by making themselves sick (because they feel unworthy)Need to pass responsibility for their welfare and care on to other people Effects of Childhood Trauma Another theory as to what causes Munchausen syndrome is if a person has a history of frequent or prolonged illnesses that required hospitalization (especially if this took place during childhood or adolescence). The rationale behind this theory is that individuals with Munchausen syndrome may associate their childhood memories with a sense of being taken care of. After becoming adults, they may try to achieve the same feelings of comfort and reassurance by pretending to be ill. There may also be a link between personality and factitious disorder imposed on self. This is because personality disorders are common in people with Munchausen syndrome. This disorder may stem from the person’s inner need to be seen as sick or disabled. It could also be due to the person having an insecure sense of their own identity. Individuals affected by this disorder are willing to go through extreme measures, such as undergoing painful or risky tests or operations in an attempt to gain the sympathy and special attention given to people who are truly sick. So pretending to be sick allows them to assume an identity that elicits support and acceptance from others. Admission to the hospital also gives these individuals a clearly defined place in a social network. Prognosis Factitious disorder imposed on self is a habitual condition, so it can be very difficult to treat. People with this disorder will often deny that they are faking symptoms, so they usually refuse to seek out or follow treatment. Because of this, the prognosis tends to be poor. Munchausen syndrome is associated with severe emotional difficulties. Individuals are also at risk for health problems or death because of their purposeful actions of trying to hurt themselves. They can suffer additional harm from complications associated with multiple tests, procedures, and treatments. Finally, people diagnosed with Munchausen syndrome are at a higher risk for substance abuse and suicide attempts. Warning Signs If you are concerned that someone you know may be affected by Munchausen syndrome, there are some warning signs that you can  look out for. The main sign is that the individual seems to always be complaining about and/or exaggerating symptoms of an illness. Additional warning signs can include: Presence of symptoms only when the person is alone or not being observedExtensive knowledge of hospitals and/or medical terminology (including textbook descriptions of illnesses)Extensive but inconsistent medical historyComplaints of new or more symptoms following negative test resultsProblems with identity and self-esteemReluctance or unwillingness to allow medical professionals to meet with or talk to family, friends, or past medical providersAmbiguous symptoms that are not able to be controlled and become even more severe or change after beginning treatmentWillingness or eagerness to go to the hospital as well as undergo medical tests, operations, and proceduresHistory of obtaining treatment at several hospitals, clinics, and doctors offices (possibly in different cities or zip codes) Treatment Although individuals with Munchausen syndrome may actively obtain treatment for the numerous disorders they create, these individuals typically do not want to admit to and seek treatment for the actual syndrome. People affected with factitious disorder imposed on self deny they are faking or causing their own symptoms, so obtaining treatment tends to be dependent on somebody else suspecting that the person has this disorder, persuading the individual to receive treatment, and encouraging the person to stick to treatment goals. The main treatment goal for Munchausen syndrome is to change the persons behavior and lessen the misuse/overuse of medical resources. Treatment usually consists of psychotherapy (mental health counseling). During treatment sessions, the therapist may try to challenge and change the thinking and behavior of the person (this is known as cognitive-behavioral therapy). Therapy sessions may also try to uncover and address any underlying psychological issues that may be causing the persons behavior. During treatment, it is more realistic to have the person work toward managing the syndrome as opposed to trying to cure it. A therapist may try to encourage these individuals to avoid dangerous medical procedures as well as unnecessary hospital admissions. Medication is typically not used in the treatment of Munchausen syndrome. If the person is also suffering from anxiety or depression, a doctor may prescribe medication. If this is the case, it is important to closely monitor these individuals because of the higher likelihood of using these medications to purposely hurt themselves. In addition to individual therapy, treatment may also include family therapy. Teaching family members how to properly respond to a person diagnosed with Munchausen syndrome can be helpful. The therapist can teach family members not to reward or reinforce the behavior of the person with the disorder. This may make lower the individuals’ need to appear sick since they may no longer be receiving the attention they are seeking.

An Eye for an Eye Gazing and Courtship in Gaskell’s North and South - Literature Essay Samples

Although Margaret Hale and John Thornton do not fall in love ‘at first sight,’ sight, or gazing, plays an important role in the asymmetrical power relations implicit in the courtship of the protagonists in Elizabeth Gaskell’s North and South. Laura Mulvey’s 1975 essay, â€Å"Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema,† introduced the now-familiar concept of the gaze. Taking the work of Sigmund Freud and Jacques Lacan as the basis for her theory, Mulvey argues that â€Å"in a world ordered by sexual imbalance, pleasure in looking has been split between active/male and passive/female† (39). The voyeuristic gaze, traditionally wielded by a male, has the ability to reduce a woman – that is, fetishize or objectify her – in a way that renders her passive. Mulvey explicates Freud’s concept of scopophilia, or pleasure in looking, and asserts that in â€Å"their traditional exhibitionist role women are simultaneously looked at and displ ayed, with their appearance coded for strong visual and erotic impact† (40). While Mulvey’s theory is based in film studies, Nalini Paul suggests that â€Å"the phenomenon of gazing in literature strikes relevant parallels with gazing in film theory† (1). Thus, the application of this theory to North and South sheds light on the exchange of power within the courtship of Margaret and John. To be sure, while John finds erotic pleasure in seeing Margaret, his gaze upon her does not reduce her or render her passive; in fact, Margaret’s attractive physical appearance and ability to appropriate the gaze endows her with authority over John, and leads to a constant and reciprocal exchange of power that culminates in their marriage. The power dynamics of the relationship between Margaret and John are immediately established in their first meeting in Milton. Gaskell writes: â€Å"Mr. Thornton was a good deal more surprised and discomfited than [Margaret]† at meeting â€Å"a young lady of a different type to most of those he was in the habit of seeing† (58). His bewilderment is compounded when she returns his gaze with a â€Å"simple, straight, unabashed look† (58). Upon seeing Margaret, John realizes she is different from most of the women he has encountered before, and more specifically, those he commonly â€Å"sees† or looks upon. John’s expectations are further troubled when she blatantly stares back as him. Her stare is â€Å"simple,† supposedly because she does not realize the socially awkward or perhaps inappropriate nature of the look she returns. Of course, at this point in the narrative Margaret has had little social interaction with possible suitors (with the exception of Mr. Lennox, whom she never considers as such) and is unaware of the implications of her stare. The initial looks exchanged between the two characters are figured overtly in relation to authority and power. Gaskell notes: â €Å"Mr. Thornton was in habits of authority himself, but she seemed to assume some kind of rule over him at once† (58). Margaret is unpredictable for she returns John’s gaze, and in so doing figures herself as an equal – not inferior – individual. From the outset Margaret exerts personal sway over John, albeit unconsciously, through her gaze. Contrary to Mulvey’s expectations, Margaret is not rendered passive but rather wields power through her own gaze.In the same initial scene, John’s gaze upon Margaret becomes scopophilic; her continuing return of the gaze, however, further undercuts the power in the possessive sense typically associated with the voyeuristic male gaze. Gaskell writes of Margaret and John:She sat facing him and facing the light; her full beauty met his eye; her round flexible throat rising out of the full, yet lithe figure; her lips, moving so lightly as she spoke†¦her eyes, with their soft gloom, meeting his with q uiet maiden freedom. He almost said to himself he did not like her†¦to compensate for that mortified feeling, that while he looked upon her with an admiration he could not repress, she looked at him with proud indifference†¦ (59)Margaret’s physical description is decidedly erotic and highly sexualized. The narrative sketch focuses on her bare throat, her limber physique, and her lips. John looks curiously at Margaret’s body, which Mulvey emphasizes is a â€Å"function of sexual instinct† (39). This objectifying process, for John, is a positive one; his â€Å"admiration† of her suggests pleasure, approval or agreeable surprise in beholding her attractive appearance. The pleasing feeling of looking upon Margaret is disturbed, however, by the gaze she once again returns. Her eyes have â€Å"maiden freedom†; she is naà ¯ve and fails to recognize the sexually charged nature of their glances. Interestingly, while Margaret is unaware of the po wer dynamics aligned with the gaze, John is uncomfortably aware – he is embarrassed to feel so much pleasure in looking at her and resents her effortless ability to make him question his own feelings. Consequently, while John’s scopophilic gaze figures Margaret as a sexual and erotic spectacle, her unfettered return of the gaze prevents her from simply becoming a passive object. As the romance plot continues to develop throughout North and South, John’s erotic gaze upon Margaret begins to determine his actions and thoughts. Even after she rejects his marriage offer, John, more than ever, feels the need to gaze upon Margaret. To justify visiting the Hales, John brings the ailing Mrs. Hale a second basket of fruit. He tells himself that â€Å"he would not – say rather, he could not – deny himself the pleasure of seeing Margaret. He had no end in it but the present gratification† (217). His gaze is overtly scopophilic – he yearns only fo r the pleasure he gets in gazing upon Margaret. To John, Margaret is continues to be a sexual and pleasing object to behold. Yet while he finds pleasure in seeing her, this urge actually controls his actions more than it controls Margaret’s. He is, in a sense, possessed by the need to see her. The need is so great that he questions if he is â€Å"bewitched by those beautiful eyes† (192), further strengthening the connection between sight and sexual attraction. John’s desire to gaze upon Margaret reaches self-abusive heights. Upon hearing of Mrs. Hales death, John thinks of Margaret: â€Å"For all his pain, he wished to see the author of it. Although he hated Margaret at times, when of thought of that gentle familiar attitude and all the attendant circumstances, he had a resting desire to renew her picture in his mind† (247). Margaret causes John extreme emotional distress, and yet he continually feels the urge to see her again. To counter his growing preo ccupation with his unrequited love, John vows to â€Å"see as little of her as possible – since the very sight of that face and form†¦had such power to move him from balance† (306). Indeed, the sight of Margaret does less to control her than it does to control John. His obsessive need to gaze upon her actually dominates his consciousness, and has an irresistible â€Å"power† over him. Critics E. Ann Kaplan and Mary Ann Doane argue that men are not the exclusive bearer of the look, but even when a female appropriates the gaze she fails to inherit its agency (121, 1). This is not true of Margaret. Margaret is a notably active heroine in North and South, and this characteristic unquestionably plays into her courtship with John. Margaret is the object of John’s gaze, and yet Margaret reverses this formation by studying John and therefore becoming the subject of the gaze. She tells her father that John is â€Å"the first specimen of a manufacturer â€⠀œ of a person engaged in trade – that I ever had the opportunity of studying, papa. I know he is good of his kind, and by and by I shall like the kind† (152). Margaret figures herself as the observer, the studier, and the scientist, while John becomes the object of study, the â€Å"specimen.† Her dehumanizing and condescending rhetoric places her in a superior position to her object of study – John. Later in the novel, after the two have been separated for over a year, she still plays the role of the scientist inspecting her specimen. Gaskell writes: â€Å"Margaret was watching Mr. Thornton’s face. He never looked at her; so she might study him unobserved, and note the changes which even this short time had wrought in him†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (389) This passage also focuses on sight and observation, and places Margaret in the dominant position as the studier and subject of the gaze. The agency aligned with Margaret’s gaze is more overtly demonstra ted in the scene in which John comes to propose after Margaret shields him from his violent and disgruntled workers. Margaret is thoroughly offended that John would think her actions were based in love and not womanly duty. â€Å"’You had nothing to be grateful for,’ said she, raising her eyes and looking full and straight at him†¦her very eyes†¦fell not nevertheless from their grave and steady look† (176). She denies having romantic feelings for John, and bluntly rejects his marriage offer. Her glaring eyes reflect her outright defiance of John’s intentions. No longer is her gaze â€Å"maiden† and â€Å"simple,† but it is rather deliberately severe and threatening. Margaret’s rejection of a well-off suitor is a bold move considering the particular social and historical milieu, and her fiery gaze is reflective of this audacious decision. In essence, Margaret’s appropriation of the gaze, and the authority therein, allo ws her an active role in the narrative and a strong degree of power over the male protagonist. In the end, both Margaret and John willingly submit themselves to the other’s gaze; in so doing, they allow their relationship to culminate in a mutually satisfying marriage. After a year apart, the two meet once again. Gaskell writes that Margaret looked â€Å"up straight into his face with her speaking eyes† and then dropped â€Å"them under his eloquent glance. He gazed back at her for a minute† (392). Margaret returns the gaze at first, but eventually submits to John’s. Taking into account the idea of the gaze and power as closely aligned, it is clear that Margaret’s downward glance forfeits the agency and power she has wielded with her gaze throughout the previous sections of the novel. Furthermore, while she looks away John continues to gaze upon her. In this way he becomes the dominant actor in the interaction. The exchange of power between the pr otagonists becomes most significant in the final passages of North and South. Gaskell writes: For an instant she looked up; and then sought to veil her luminous eyes by dropping her forehead onto her hands†¦still lower the head; more closely hidden was the face†¦after a minute or two, he gently disengaged her hands from her face, and laid her arms as they had once before been placed to protect him from the rioters†¦she slowly faced him, glowing with beautiful shame. (394-5)Margaret, once again, begins by returning John’s gaze, but physically conceals her gaze with her own hands. John, in disengaging her hands, invites her to return the gaze. As she faces him, we can assume that he, too, is looking at her. The exchange of the gaze in this scene attests to the changed power dynamic between the two characters. Both Margaret and John are now the subject and object of their lover’s gaze, submitting themselves to each other through the reciprocal exchange of power. It is only through this exchange of power that the two lovers can come together in marriage. Gaskell writes that â€Å"so much was understood through the eyes that cannot be put into words† (235), and indeed, their exchange of looks signals their commitment to one another in matrimony. Contrary to Mulvey’s central argument, John is not the exclusive bearer of the gaze in North and South. The gaze he directs towards Margaret is scopophilic, to be sure, and yet the gaze she returns – a gaze aligned power and agency – allows her to reject the objectifying gaze that would render her passive. In taking Laura Mulvey’s gaze theory as an apparatus with which to understand the dynamics of the courtship plot, one is better able to investigate the complex and unique approach to romance that Gaskell takes in North and South.

Gandhis life and experiences in England Essays - 1531 Words

On September 4, 1887, Mahatma Gandhi stepped on board a boat bound for England with the intention to further his academic career. Naà ¯ve and intensely shy, young Gandhi did not fully appreciate the extent to which his beliefs were to be challenged, transformed and eventually strengthened during this sojourn into the unknown. Nearly all aspects of his identity, including diet, social traditions, culture and religion, were scrutinized by Westerners and, in turn, as he adopted their perspective, judged unmercifully by Gandhi himself. Yet though threatened by the new environment, Gandhi recovered a sense of identity in his Indian culture and heritage stronger than he previously experienced. His encounter with the West lent him incredible†¦show more content†¦His triumph was great indeed, for despite anticipating some inconvenience, he was unprepared for the extent of the sacrifices required in keeping true to this life style. Gandhi vegetarianism met with constant disdain and pity even among his friends. He was forced to walk miles upon miles searching for appropriate restaurants, all the while living off insufficient meals provided by his landlady. Although physically malnourished, with only cocoa, porridge, or bread in his belly, Gandhi stubbornly held to his sacred vow out of respect for his mother. Eventually, the quick-witted young man came upon literature in a restaurant advocating vegetarianism and was able to use Western ideas to strengthen his vow to abstaining from meat. The consumption of meat was reported to be inefficient in providing nourishment and energy to the body, and furthermore, livestock and poultry were treated with ruthless apathy throughout captivity. This development in favor of his vow, for Gandhi was able to justify vegetarianism to himself through Western as well as Indain eyes. This justification allowed him some independence of his mother’s advice and council, and gave him a sense of individual agency. In addition to his substantiating vegetarianism, â€Å"†¦the result of reading all this literature was that dieteticShow MoreRelatedMahatma Gandhi Speeches904 Words   |  4 Pagesis to lose yourself in the service of others.† (BrainyQuote.com). Mahatma Gandhi participated in many mentionable functions throughout his life. He help Indians gain rights in Africa, to going on a fast to promote what he believed was right. He was an important tribute to India, and many people look up to him for his bravery. His childhood experiences, adult life struggles, and middle age successes tell his story well. Mahatma Gandhi went through many difficulties throughout his childhood. He alsoRead MoreMahatma Gandhi : An Important Contribution Of Society925 Words   |  4 Pagesviewed as an important individual that has used nonviolent ways to promote change in his society. Religion played an important part in Mahatma Gandhi’s life. His father served as a chief minister in Porbandar. His mother was very religious and fasted regularly. Mahatma Gandhi was born into a Hindu family in 1869, and remained a faithful Hindu throughout life. Ideas from several other religions influenced Gandhi, and eventually developed his own ideas about religion and the way to live. He practicedRead MoreGandhi, The Most Popular And Influential Figures Of The World1584 Words   |  7 Pagespopular and influential figures in the world. His political work, religious beliefs, values and morals captivated millions internationally. His path to become such a respected person is shaped by his religion and experiments occurred throughout his life. His relationship to food becomes a powerful fixation that allows him to form a greater connection to God as Truth, while leading him to express controversial disagreements during certain health issues. Gandhi becomes interested in his own dietaryRead MoreGandhi As A Spiritual Leader Of India1207 Words   |  5 Pagesyoung age had to bear with this second shock in just a year as earlier that same year Gandhi’s father Karamchand Gandhi had also died. Gandhi had four more children’s: Harilal, born in 1888; Manilal, born in 1892; Ramdas, born in 1897 and Devdas, born in 1900 (Mishra 2). In his life, Gandhi had six main principles: Truth, Non-violence, Vegetarianism, Brahmacharya, Simplicity, and Faith. Gandhi dedicated his whole life in discovering the Truth or Satya. He tried this by learning from his own mistakesRead MoreMahatma Gandhi : A Leader Of India s Independence Movement1230 Words   |  5 Pagesfollowed Jainism, a morally rigorous ancient Indian religion that espoused non-violence, fasting, meditation and vegetarianism. At the age of 13 Gandhi married a merchants daughter, in an arranged marriage. After his father’s death, Gandhi’s family sent him to England in 1888 to study law, where he became interested in the philosophy of nonviolence. Gandhi returned to India in 1891, because he found little success in his attempts to practice law. Seeking a change of scenery, he accepted a positionRead MoreMahatma Gandhi, An Inspirational And Non Violent Leader Essay1425 Words   |  6 Pageswhen many people began to analyze his practices. By compar ing Gandhi’s real life examples of leadership with the theories and concepts provided from various sources we can begin to understand how these principles can be used to lead in a multitude of environments. Gandhi had plans to study medicine but his father and family pushed him towards a career in law, wanting him to become a government minister. After attending university in England and an unsuccessful stint in India he signed a 1-year contractRead MoreGandhi : A Moral Exemplar1457 Words   |  6 Pagesabout the motivation that lay behind his power. Gandhi s values and philosophy grounded his work, evident in how he balanced his family and work, his sense of right and wrong, and how he carried out his beliefs through his civil disobedience. While Gandhi’s philosophy and values were exemplary, they primarily served to better his image rather than to better the world. Gandhi is most known for his actions of civil disobedience , which exemplified his values of kindness and righteousness, while alwaysRead MoreGandhi : The Father Of India1223 Words   |  5 Pagesyoung age had to bear with this second shock in just a year as earlier that same year Gandhi’s father Karamchand Gandhi had also died. Gandhi had four more children’s: Harilal, born in 1888; Manilal, born in 1892; Ramdas, born in 1897 and Devdas, born in 1900 (Mishra 2). In his life Gandhi had six main principles: Truth, Non-violence, Vegetarianism, Brahmacharya, Simplicity, and Faith. Gandhi dedicated his whole life in discovering the Truth or Satya. He tried this by learning from his own mistakesRead MoreGandy and the Ahimsa Philosophy Essay844 Words   |  4 PagesMost of Gandhi’s intellectual, social and political ethics and beliefs developed in the search of truth and non violence, or ahimsa, the opposite being himsa. Ahimsa is simply defined as to not injure, and himsa defined as to injure. Ahimsa is also referred to as nonviolence, according to many religions (Indian) it applies to all living beings including. â€Å"Ahimsa is a comprehensive principle. We are helpless mortals caught in the conflagration of himsa. The saying that life lives on life has aRead MoreComparation of Gandhi to Socrates, to buddha, to Jesus and to St. Fancis of Assisi924 Words   |  4 Pagesbut through the cogent example of a morally superior conduct o f life†. Other tributes compared Gandhi to Socrates, to Buddha, to Jesus, and to Saint Fancis of Assisi. The life of Mahatma (great soul) Gandhi is very documented. Certainly it was an extraordinary life, poking at the ancient Hindu religion and culture and modern revolutionary ideas about politics and society, an unusual combination of perceptions and values. Gandhi’s life was filled with contradictions. He was described as a gentle man